The modern packing house — Reading Companion

MODERN PACKING HOUSES 1

Introduction and Growth -- Concentration -- Early Methods -- Yankee Ingenuity -- Chicago Yards -- Movement Westward -- Economic Factors -- Saving By-Products -- Pioneer’s Troubles -- Using Box Cars -- Using Refrigerator Cars -- Chilling Rooms -- Mechanical Refrigeration -- Freezing Meats -- Overseas Shipments.

LOCATION AND CONSTRUCTION 9

Location -- Water Supply -- Sewage -- Odors and Prevailing Winds -- Cleanliness -- Designs and Errors -- Character of Business -- Requirements -- Principles of Design.

Description of Plants -- Plant No. 1 -- Plant No. 2 -- Plant No. 3 -- Plant No. 4 -- Type of Plant -- Loading Facilities -- Producing Department -- Abbatoir Building -- Rendering Building -- Live Stock -- Icing Department -- Cooler Building -- Pork House -- Manufacturing Building -- Salt Spaces -- Power Department -- Gravity System -- How to Build -- Fireproof Design -- Advantages -- Slow Burning Construction -- Approval of Plans.

REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT 29

Ammonia Machines -- Ammonia -- Compressor -- Condenser -- Receiver -- Cooler -- Condensing Water -- Unit Basis -- Computing from Unit Basis -- How Rated -- Freezer Requirements -- Freezers in Small Plants -- Cylinder Arrangement -- Why Brine Circulation -- Air Circulating -- Force Draft -- Coil Room Systems -- Brine Chilling -- Brine Methods -- Types of Brine Coolers -- Balanced Brine System -- Direct Expansion -- Two Stage Compressors.

REFRIGERATION REQUIREMENTS 45

Refrigeration -- Necessities -- Ice Plants -- Natural Ice -- Chilling -- Quantity Refrigeration to Provide -- Space Per Ton Machine -- Machinery Per Head -- For Cooled Meats -- Ice Computation -- Compressor Capacity -- Chilling Lard -- Summary Computations -- Low Temperature Brine System.

POWER PLANT REQUIREMENT 52

Steam Making Equipment -- Uses of Pumps -- Types of Pumps -- Pumps for Brine -- Water Supply -- Pumps for Wells -- Water Distribution Systems -- Pumps for Boiler Feeding -- Heating Boiler Feed Water -- Wells -- Cooling Towers -- Economizers -- Superheaters -- Steam Engines -- Exhaust Steam -- Advice as to Exhaust Steam -- Boilers -- Conclusion.

Meat Chilling -- Dividing Beef Coolers -- Regular Temperatures -- Main Cooler -- Handling Beef -- Fore-Cooler -- Heavy Cattle -- Domestic Beef -- Trimming of Beef -- Skirt Trimming -- Ribbing Beef -- Freezing Beef -- Loading Beef -- Weighing and Tagging -- Care of Coolers -- Mutton and Veal -- Chilling Hogs -- Cellars -- Freezing Meat.

Warehouse Design -- Floor Area -- Fire Proof Buildings -- Floor Construction -- Coolers -- Fan and Ventilation -- Spray System -- Galvanized Sheet Iron Pipes -- Coil Rooms -- Quantity of Pipe -- Method of Erecting -- Life of Pipe -- Cellar Ceiling Suspension -- Ratio of Piping -- Defrosting -- Gardner Curtain System -- Direct Expansion Piping -- Chill-Room Bunkers -- Low Temperature Brine System -- Freezer and Storage Buildings.

SLAUGHTERING CATTLE 92

Receiving Live Stock -- Watering -- Driving Cattle -- Knocking Cattle -- Sticking -- Heading -- Pritch Sticks -- Foot Skinning -- Ripping and Leg Breaking -- Flooring Cattle -- Breast Sawing -- Fell Cutting -- Rumping -- Beef Spreaders -- Fell Beating -- Gutting -- Backing -- Tail Sawing -- Splitting -- Splitting Cleavers -- Clearing Out and Hide Dropping -- Neck Splitting -- Bruise Trimming -- Skirt Trimming -- Washing Cattle -- Fountain Brushes -- Dressing Cattle -- Conveyors.

DRESSING YIELDS AND CATTLE CUTTING 106

Yields of Cattle -- Yield from Twenty-two Native Cattle -- Yield from Fifty-nine Texas Cattle -- Yield from Twenty Heavy Cattle -- Yield from Thirty-four Cattle -- Percentage of Various Cuts -- Beef Cuts -- Diagram of Cutting -- Grading -- Loins -- Ribs -- Rounds -- Chucks -- Plates, Shanks and Flanks -- Barreled Beef.

Green Hides -- Condition -- Scores -- Prod Pole Damage -- Clean Floors -- Leather Yields -- Pattern -- Proper Storage for Hides -- Grading -- Grubs in Hides -- Salt to Be Used -- Building of Packs of Hides -- Trimming of Green Hides -- Switches -- Shrinkage of Hides -- Sheep Pelts.

OLEO OIL AND STEARINE 136

Fats -- Origin of Butterine -- Oleo Oil -- Oleo Fats -- Selection and Care -- Cleanliness and Collection -- Chilling Fat -- Cooling Water -- Melting -- Settling the Oil -- Clarifiers -- Scrap Vat -- Seeding or Graining Oil -- Press Room -- Collecting Oil -- Oil Receivers -- Temperature of Oil Drawn to Tierce -- Stearine -- Oil House Yields -- Grading Fats -- Tests on Oil Fats -- Butcher Fats -- Mutton Fat -- Oil Selection -- Oil House Operation.